Concurrent axon and myelin destruction differentiates X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy from multiple sclerosis

2021 | journal article; research paper. A publication with affiliation to the University of Göttingen.

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​Concurrent axon and myelin destruction differentiates X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy from multiple sclerosis​
Bergner, C. G.; Genc, N.; Hametner, S.; Franz, J.; Mitkovski, M.; Weber, M. S.   & Stoltenburg‐Didinger, G. et al.​ (2021) 
Glia69(10) art. glia.24042​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.24042 

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Authors
Bergner, Caroline G.; Genc, Nafiye; Hametner, Simon; Franz, Jonas; Mitkovski, Miso; Weber, Martin S. ; Stoltenburg‐Didinger, Gisela; Kühl, Jörn‐Sven; Stadelmann, Christine ; van der Meer, Franziska; Köhler, Wolfgang; Brück, Wolfgang; Gärtner, Jutta 
Abstract
Abstract Cerebral disease manifestation occurs in about two thirds of males with X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy (CALD) and is fatally progressive if left untreated. Early histopathologic studies categorized CALD as an inflammatory demyelinating disease, which led to repeated comparisons to multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to revisit the relationship between axonal damage and myelin loss in CALD. We applied novel immunohistochemical tools to investigate axonal damage, myelin loss and myelin repair in autopsy brain tissue of eight CALD and 25 MS patients. We found extensive and severe acute axonal damage in CALD already in prelesional areas defined by microglia loss and relative myelin preservation. In contrast to MS, we did not observe selective phagocytosis of myelin, but a concomitant decay of the entire axon‐myelin unit in all CALD lesion stages. Using a novel marker protein for actively remyelinating oligodendrocytes, breast carcinoma‐amplified sequence (BCAS) 1, we show that repair pathways are activated in oligodendrocytes in CALD. Regenerating cells, however, were affected by the ongoing disease process. We provide evidence that—in contrast to MS—selective myelin phagocytosis is not characteristic of CALD. On the contrary, our data indicate that acute axonal injury and permanent axonal loss are thus far underestimated features of the disease that must come into focus in our search for biomarkers and novel therapeutic approaches.
MAIN POINTS This study characterizes CALD as an axonopathic disease. Microglia cell death in CALD early lesion formation is associated with severe axonal damage. Microglia homeostasis may be linked to axonal energy metabolism. image
Issue Date
2021
Journal
Glia 
Project
EXC 2067: Multiscale Bioimaging 
TRR 274: Checkpoints of Central Nervous System Recovery 
TRR 274 | B01: The role of inflammatory cytokine signaling for efficient remyelination in multiple sclerosis 
TRR 274 | B02: Inflammatory neurodegeneration and repair mechanisms in childhood onset autoimmune and neurometabolic demyelinating CNS disease 
Working Group
RG Gärtner 
RG Stadelmann-Nessler 
RG Brück 
ISSN
0894-1491
eISSN
1098-1136
Language
English
Sponsor
Association Européenne contre les Leucodystrophies http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008731
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
Deutsche Multiple Sklerose Gesellschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100007458
Gemeinnützige Hertie‐Stiftung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003493
National Multiple Sclerosis Society http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000890

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