Anaerobic digestates lower N2O emissions compared to cattle slurry by affecting rate and product stoichiometry of denitrification - An N2O isotopomer case study

Abstract

Assessing effects of organic fertilizer applications on N2O emissions is of great interest because they can cause higher N2O emissions compared to inorganic fertilizers for a given amount of added nitrogen (N). But there are also reports about enhanced N2O reduction to climate-neutral elemental Ny after application of organic manures to soils. Factors controlling the N2O/(N2O + N-2) product ratio of denitrification are interrelated, and also the ratio is difficult to study because of limitations in N-2 flux measurements. In this study, we investigated N2O and N-2 emissions from soil treated with organic fertilizers with different C/N ratios. An N2O isotopomer approach combined with conventional N2O and Ny flux measurements was employed to study underlying microbial pathways. A grassland soil was amended with anaerobic digestate (AD) from food waste digestion (low C/N ratio) or cattle slurry (CS; high C/N ratio), respectively, adjusted to 90% WFPS, and incubated for 52 days under helium-oxygen atmosphere (10% O-2) using a soil incubation system capable of automated N2O, N-2, and CO2 measurements. N2O isotopomer signatures, i.e. the delta O-18 and SP values (site preference between N-15 at the central and the peripheral position in the N2O molecule), were determined by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry and used to model and subsequently estimate the contribution of bacterial denitrification and autotrophic nitrification to N2O production. For this approach the direct determination of emitted N-2 is essential to take isotope effects during N2O reduction to N-2 into account by correcting the measured isotope signatures for isotope effects during N2O reduction using previously determined fractionation factor ranges. The addition of both organic fertilizers to soil drastically increased the rate of gaseous N emissions (N2O + N-2), probably due to the effects of concurrent presence of nitrate and labile C on the denitrification rate. In the initial phase of the experiment (day 1 to similar to 15), gaseous N emissions were dominated by N-2 fluxes in soils amended with organic manures; meanwhile, N2O emissions were lower compared to untreated Control soils, but increased after 15-20 days relative to the initial fluxes, especially with CS. Extremely low N2O, but high Ny emissions in the initial phase suggest that reduction of N2O to Ny via denitrification was triggered when the soil was amended with organic fertilizers. In contrast in the untreated Control, N2O release was highest during the initial phase. Total N2O release from AD treated soil was similar to Control, while N2O from CS treated soil was considerably higher, indicating that denitrification was triggered more by the high labile carbon content in CS, while the cumulative N2O/ (N2O + N-2) product ratio and thus N2O reduction were similar with both organic fertilizers. The results of the N2O source partitioning based on the isotopomer data suggest that about 8-25% (AD) and 33-43% (CS) of the cumulated N2O emission was due to nitrification in organically amended soil, while in the untreated Control nitrification accounted for about 5-16%. The remaining N2O production was attributed mainly to denitrification, while the poor model fit for other source pathways like fungal denitrification suggested their contribution to be of minor importance. The observed rather distinct phases with predominance first of denitrification and later of nitrification may help developing mitigation measures by addressing N2O source processes individually with appropriate management options. The observation of relatively large shares of nitrification-derived N2O is surprising, but may possibly be related to the low soil pH and will require further investigation. The determination of N-2 production is essential for this isotopomer-based source partitioning approach, but so far only applicable under laboratory conditions. The results of this study indicate that the combination of N2O delta O-18 and SP values is very useful in obtaining more robust source estimates as compared to using SP values alone. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.