Evolution in situ: hybrid origin and establishment of willows (Salix L.) on alpine glacier forefields

2016 | journal article. A publication with affiliation to the University of Göttingen.

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​Evolution in situ: hybrid origin and establishment of willows (Salix L.) on alpine glacier forefields​
Gramlich, S.; Sagmeister, P.; Dullinger, S.; Hadacek, F. & Hoerandl, E.​ (2016) 
Heredity116(6) pp. 531​-541​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2016.14 

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Authors
Gramlich, Susanne; Sagmeister, P.; Dullinger, Stefan; Hadacek, Franz; Hoerandl, Elvira
Abstract
Little attention has been paid to the evolutionary consequences of the colonizing dynamics and succession processes following glacier retreat. Here we studied hybrid populations that have recently formed and established on glacier forefields of the European Alps owing to secondary contact of a lowland colonizer with a subalpine species. We analyzed the composition of two hybrid populations between Salix purpurea and Salix helvetica with nine microsatellite markers by using Bayesian methods (STRUCTURE and NewHybrids), and simulations. We also studied niche differentiation between the hybrids and the parental species based on indicator values, soil pH and water retention potential measurements. Allelic structure of hybrids confirms the assumed parentage and in situ origin of the crosses on two independent sites within the last decades. Both hybrid populations comprised F-1 and later generation hybrids (F-2 and backcrosses), confirming hybrid fertility. The parental species showed significant differences in niche characteristics for temperature, soil pH, nutrients and moisture. Remarkably, the hybrids exhibited a higher tolerance to cold temperatures, nutrient-poor and acidic soils than either parent. Our results show that willow hybrids originated after glacier retreat and have established persistent populations within a few decades. One factor contributing to hybrid establishment in sympatry with their parents is their ability to occupy more extreme niches than either parental species within a mosaic-like pattern of microhabitats on the forefield. Introgression and/or transgressive segregation may have resulted in novel genotypes that are able to expand the ecological spectrum of either parent.
Issue Date
2016
Status
published
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group
Journal
Heredity 
ISSN
1365-2540; 0018-067X

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