Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome presenting in the anterior circulation with malignant intracranial hypertension requiring surgical decompression: a case report and literature review

Abstract

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is thought to result from endothelial dysfunction and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier with subsequent vasogenic edema. Abrupt hypertension has been identified as one of its risk factors. We present a rare case of PRES in the anterior circulation with sudden onset of left hemiparesis and rapid neurological deterioration on the basis of hypertensive crisis. Due to refractory intracranial hypertension, the patient required emergent right decompressive craniectomy. Further investigations, including a biopsy, revealed an atypical form of PRES. This case illustrates the importance of aggressive medical and early surgical management to prevent permanent neurological deficits.