Evolution of the West Andean Escarpment at 18 degrees S (N. Chile) during the last 25 Ma: uplift, erosion and collapse through time

Abstract

The geological record of the Western Andean Escarpment (WARP) reveals episodes of uplift, erosion, volcanism and sedimentation. The lithological sequence at 18degreesS comprises a thick pile of Azapa Conglomerates (25-19 Ma), an overlying series of widespread rhyodacitic Oxaya Ignimbrites (up to 900 m thick, ca. 19 Ma), which are in turn covered by a series of mafic andesite shield volcanoes. Between 19 and 12 Ma, the surface of the Oxaya Ignimbrites evolved into a large monocline on the western slope of the Andes. A giant antithetically rotated block (Oxaya Block, 80 kmx20 km) formed on this slope at about 10-12 Ma and resulted in an easterly dip and a reversed drainage on the block's surface. Morphology, topography and stratigraphic observations argue for a gravitational cause of this rotation. A "secondary" gravitational collapse (50 km(3)), extending 25 kin to the west occurred on the steep western front of the Oxaya Block. Alluvial and fluvial sediments (11-2.7 Ma) accumulated in a half graben to the east of the tilted block and were later thrust over by the rocks of the escarpment wall, indicating further shortening between 8 and 6 Ma. Flatlying Upper Miocene sediments (<5.5 Ma) and the 2.7 Ma Lauca-Perez Ignimbrite have not been significantly shortened since 6 Ma, suggesting that recent uplift is at least partly caused by regional tilting of the Western Andean slope. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.