Number of Nuclear Divisions in the Drosophila Blastoderm Controlled by Onset of Zygotic Transcription

Abstract

The cell number of the early Drosophila embryo is determined by exactly 13 rounds of synchronous nuclear divisions, allowing cellularization and formation of the embryonic epithelium [1]. The pause in G2 in cycle 14 is controlled by multiple pathways, such as activation of DNA repair checkpoint, progression through S phase, and inhibitory phosphorylation of Cdk1, involving the genes grapes, mei41, and wee1 [2-8]. In addition, degradation of maternal RNAs [9] and zygotic gene expression [10, 11] are involved. The zinc finger Vielfaltig (VfI) controls expression of many early zygotic genes [12, 13], including the mitotic inhibitor fruhstart [14, 15]. The functional relationship of these pathways and the mechanism for triggering the cell-cycle pause have remained unclear. Here, we show that a novel single-nucleotide mutation in the 3 ' UTR of the RNPII215 gene leads to a reduced number of nuclear divisions that is accompanied by premature transcription of early zygotic genes and cellularization. The reduced number of nuclear divisions in mutant embryos depends on the transcription factor VfI and on zygotic gene expression, but not on grapes, the mitotic inhibitor Fruhstart, and the nucleocytoplasmic ratio. We propose that activation of zygotic gene expression is the trigger that determines the timely and concerted cell-cycle pause and cellularization.